AP Physics 1 Equation Sheet (2026 Update)

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AP Physics 1 Equation Sheet (2026 Update)

This sheet includes the new Unit 8: Fluids equations. The exam permits a scientific or graphing calculator and this reference sheet.

Table 1: Constants & Conversion Factors

Quantity	Symbol	Approximate Value
Proton Mass	$m_p$	$1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kg
Neutron Mass	$m_n$	$1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kg
Electron Mass	$m_e$	$9.11 \times 10^{-31}$ kg
Speed of Light	$c$	$3.00 \times 10^{8}$ m/s
Electron Charge Magnitude	$e$	$1.60 \times 10^{-19}$ C
Universal Gravitational Constant	$G$	$6.67 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3/\text{kg}\cdot\text{s}^2$
Acceleration due to Gravity (Earth)	$g$	$9.8 \, \text{m/s}^2$

I. Mechanics

$v_x = v_{x0} + a_xt$

$x = x_0 + v_{x0}t + \frac{1}{2}a_xt^2$

$v_x^2 = v_{x0}^2 + 2a_x(x - x_0)$

Linear Kinematics (Constant Acceleration only)

$\vec{a} = \frac{\Sigma \vec{F}}{m} = \frac{\vec{F}_{net}}{m}$

$|\vec{F}_f| \le \mu |\vec{F}_n|$

$|\vec{F}_s| = k|\vec{x}|$

Newton’s Laws, Friction, Hooke’s Law

$K = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$

$\Delta E = W = F_{\parallel}d = Fd\cos\theta$

$P = \frac{\Delta E}{\Delta t}$

Kinetic Energy, Work, Power

$\Delta U_g = mg\Delta y$

$U_s = \frac{1}{2}kx^2$

Gravitational & Elastic Potential Energy

$\vec{p} = m\vec{v}$

$\Delta \vec{p} = \vec{F}\Delta t$

Momentum & Impulse

$a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}$

$\vec{F}_g = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}$

Centripetal Acceleration & Universal Gravity

$T_s = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$

$T_p = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}$

Period of Spring & Pendulum

II. Fluids (Unit 8)

$\rho = \frac{m}{V}$

$P = \frac{F}{A}$

Density & Pressure Definition

$P = P_0 + \rho gh$

$F_b = \rho V g$

Hydrostatic Pressure & Buoyancy

$A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$

$P_1 + \rho g y_1 + \frac{1}{2}\rho v_1^2 = \text{const}$

Continuity & Bernoulli’s Equation

III. Geometry & Trigonometry

$A_{rect} = bh \quad A_{tri} = \frac{1}{2}bh$

$A_{circle} = \pi r^2 \quad C = 2\pi r$

$V_{box} = lwh \quad V_{cyl} = \pi r^2 h$

Area & Volume

$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$

$\sin\theta = \frac{opp}{hyp} \quad \cos\theta = \frac{adj}{hyp} \quad \tan\theta = \frac{opp}{adj}$

Right Triangle Rules